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    Science in Ancient Greece!

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    Post by Flabbergasted Tue Jun 16, 2009 8:44 am

    ok wazzah!! is me! i made this onw with ym moms email kus i was testing with that account LOL! sorry for mistake

    Public Water Works

    Public works were one of the greatest influences in Ancient Greece. They helped boost the economy, and acted as an art form, and they also led to a more sanitary life style. The system of planning the public works was invented by Hippodamus of Miletus, and was admired throughout the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Cities were built according to this scheme and old towns were reconstructed to fit this system. The Greeks were proud of the establishment of the public works and spent a lot of money on it.

    There were many ways to bring water into the city for people to use. Many great thinkers such as Archimedes, Hero, and Eupalinus discovered extraordinary ways to draw water more economically to the cities of Greece. Of all the many different inventions, there were three major inventions that made important contributions to the water supply of Greece.

    The three inventions are:

    # Archimedes' Screw - Archimedes, one of the greatest thinkers of ancient Greece, developed this invention. It was used to lift water from a lower elevation to a higher elevation by means of a tube that is internally threaded. The threads on the inside collect water and as the tube rotates, the water is brought up and put into a storage tank. This massive device was run by human power. The person running the screw, usually a slave, held onto a rail at the top and used his own muscle power to propel the water upward.

    # Aqueducts and Bridging - The Greeks also used techniques such as aqueducts and bridging valleys. They used these devices because the Greeks thought that the water could only be moved if it was moving downward or on a straight path. So in order to keep the water flowing they built aqueducts through mountains and built bridges over valleys. In the sixth century a Greek engineer by the name of Eupalinus of Megara built the aqueduct of Samos. This tunnel measured more than 3000 ft. long and it was started on opposite ends hoping to meet in the middle. When the two met, the tunnels were only fifteen ft. off from each other. On the average, aqueducts were about fourteen feet deep and they were completely lined with stone. The aqueducts were either single route or they branched off into many branches that supplied different areas with water. There was also a form of manhole covers that allowed the workers to access the aqueduct more easily if work needed to be done.

    # Siphon Principle - Hero, a Greek who lived after 150 B.C. was the first hydraulic engineer. He modernized the obtaining of water through a method known as the siphon principle. The siphon principle allows the pipes that carry the water to follow the terrain of the land and the aqueduct and bridging techniques were no longer used as often. For example, such a device was used for the citadel at Pergamon. The pipes that connected to the citadel had approximately 300 pounds of pressure per square inch and the pipes were most likely made of metal in order to withstand the pressure.

    Priests chosen to pray to Apollo had to drink from a secret spring at Colophon before praying. This water was thought to shorten the lives of the priests. The spring has very deep meaning because it was supposed to have formed from the tears of a prophetess. She had wept over the destruction of Thebes, her native city. There is also a punishment in Hell that uses water. People that were unmarried or uninitiated during their lives had the same punishment. The task was to fetch water from either a well or a stream and fill a broken, leaky wine vase for eternity.

    The slaves who had the responsibility of cleaning and repairing all of the public utilities. The more progressive cities had drains under the street that carried both fresh water and sewage. At times these slaves were used to watch over the fountains so that no one did their laundry or bathed in it. They also had to make sure that money thrown into the fountain for luck was not stolen by anyone.
    Science in Ancient Greece! - Page 2 Chobot10
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    Post by Raxar Tue Jun 16, 2009 11:10 am

    Hello I am Raxar! Today I will be showing and explaining to you everything you need to know about Aristotle.

    Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagirus, in Northern Greece on the Chalcidic peninsula. His father, Nicomachus was doctor by profession and his mother name was Phaestis. Phaestis hometown was Chalcis in Euboea. There is no reference whether the medical skills of his father were passed on to Aristotle. But it is likely that Nicomachus would have wanted Aristotle to become a doctor like him. Unhappy with the living conditions in his area, Nicomachus traveled to Macedonia and became a court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia.

    Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic. Kant stated in the Critique of Pure Reason that Aristotle's theory of logic completely accounted for the core of deductive inference.

    Here are a few pictures or drawings of Aristotle:

    Science in Ancient Greece! - Page 2 68966666

    Science in Ancient Greece! - Page 2 27343917

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    Thank you!

    -Raxar
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    Post by turtle11 Tue Jun 16, 2009 1:14 pm

    Public works were one of the greatest influences in Ancient Greece. They helped boost the economy, and acted as an art form, and they also led to a more sanitary life style. The system of planning the public works was invented by Hippodamus of Miletus. The Greeks were proud of the establishment of the public works and spent a lot of money on it. Many great thinkers such as Archimedes, Hero, and Eupalinus discovered extraordinary ways to draw water more economically to the cities of Greece. Hero modernized the obtaining of water through a method known as the siphon principle. The siphon principle allows the pipes that carry the water to follow the terrain of the land.

    https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/14/01/35/54/siphon11.jpg

    -turtle11
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    Post by Rashood Wed Jun 17, 2009 8:14 am

    The Greeks loved music, and made it an important part of their lives. They thought of music as a way of honoring the gods, and making the world a more human, civilized place. Unfortunately we really have no idea what Greek music sounded like, because there were no tape recorders or anything like that then, and they had no way of writing down music either.
    lyre
    Apollo playing the lyre

    We do know what kind of instruments the Greeks had. They had pipes, and lyres, and drums, and cymbals. Their pipes were made from wood or reeds, with holes cut in them for your fingers to play the tune. Some were played vertically, like a recorder, and some were played sideways, like a flute. Sometimes people played more than one pipe at a time. Pipes and drums were played in a loud, lively way, for dancing, and people played this music when they were worshipping Dionysos, the god of wine and parties.
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    Post by Rashood Wed Jun 17, 2009 8:25 am

    Apollo is a younger god, the son of Zeus and the nymph Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis. The Greeks often thought of Apollo as being the same as Helios, the Sun god, or the same as the sun, and so he is one of the sky gods who always beat out the earth gods in Greek myths.

    He does not marry or have many children, though sometimes he falls in love. Apollo is a wise god who can tell the future, and his temple at Delphi was a famous oracle, a place where people went to find out what was going to happen. One of his sons is Asclepius, the god of medicine. Apollo is also a musician who plays the lyre.

    Apollo's temple at Delphi

    The Greeks told a story that when Apollo first came to Delphi there was a great snake living there, a sort of dragon, the Pythia. Apollo killed the dragon and that was how Delphi became his temple. This might mean that there was an earth goddess who was worshipped at Delphi before the Greeks came with their new god Apollo. It is a lot like the story of
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    Post by tam123 Wed Jun 17, 2009 8:44 am

    Thales of Miletus is regarded by many as the father of science; he was the first Greek philosopher to seek to explain the physical world in terms of natural rather than supernatural causes.

    Science in Ancient Greece was based on logical thinking and mathematics. It was also based on technology and everyday life. The arts in Ancient Greece were sculptors and painters. The Greeks wanted to know more about the world, the heavens and themselves. People studied about the sky, sun, moon, and the planets. The Greeks found that the earth was round.

    Eratosthenes of Alexandria, who died about 194 BC, wrote on astronomy and geography, but his work is known mainly from later summaries. He is credited with being the first person to measure the Earth's circumference.


    Botany
    Greek influence on agriculture was the establishment of the science of botany. Botany is the study of all aspects of plant life, including where plants live and how they grow. The Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived during the 300's BC, collected information about most of the plants known at that time in the world. He also studied other sciences and math.

    His student Theophrastus classified and named these plants. Theophrastus often called the father of botany. Aristotle and Theophrastus developed an extremely important type of science that is studied all over the world. Botany is so important because all the food that animals and people eat comes from plants, whether it be directly or indirectly.


    Earth Science
    Earth science is the study of the earth and its origin and development. It deals with the physical makeup and structure of the Earth. The most extensive fields of Earth science, geology, has an ancient history.

    Ancient Greek philosophers proposed many theories to account for the from and origin of the Earth. Eratosthenes, a scientist of ancient Greece, made the first accurate measurement of the Earth's diameter. The ancient Greek philosophers were amazed by volcanoes and earthquakes. They made many attempts to explain them, but most of these attempts to explain these phenomena sound very strange to most people today. For example, Aristotle, speculated that earthquakes resulted from winds within the Earth caused by the Earth's own heat and heat from the sun. Volcanoes, he thought, marked the points at which these winds finally escaped from inside the Earth into the atmosphere.

    Earth science allows us to locate metal and mineral deposits. Earth scientists study fossils. This helps provide information about evolution and the development of the earth. Earth science helps in locating fossil fuels, such as oil. These fuels compose a major part of the world economy. The Greeks came up with the idea of earth science, and most importantly laid the foundation for the scientists who lived hundreds of years after their time.


    Public Water Works
    Public works were one of the greatest influences in Ancient Greece. They helped boost the economy, and acted as an art form, and they also led to a more sanitary life style. The system of planning the public works was invented by Hippodamus of Miletus, and was admired throughout the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Cities were built according to this scheme and old towns were reconstructed to fit this system. The Greeks were proud of the establishment of the public works and spent a lot of money on it.

    There were many ways to bring water into the city for people to use. Many great thinkers such as Archimedes, Hero, and Eupalinus discovered extraordinary ways to draw water more economically to the cities of Greece. Of all the many different inventions, there were three major inventions that made important contributions to the water supply of Greece.

    The three inventions are:


    Archimedes' Screw - Archimedes, one of the greatest thinkers of ancient Greece, developed this invention. It was used to lift water from a lower elevation to a higher elevation by means of a tube that is internally threaded. The threads on the inside collect water and as the tube rotates, the water is brought up and put into a storage tank. This massive device was run by human power. The person running the screw, usually a slave, held onto a rail at the top and used his own muscle power to propel the water upward.

    Aqueducts and Bridging - The Greeks also used techniques such as aqueducts and bridging valleys. They used these devices because the Greeks thought that the water could only be moved if it was moving downward or on a straight path. So in order to keep the water flowing they built aqueducts through mountains and built bridges over valleys. In the sixth century a Greek engineer by the name of Eupalinus of Megara built the aqueduct of Samos. This tunnel measured more than 3000 ft. long and it was started on opposite ends hoping to meet in the middle. When the two met, the tunnels were only fifteen ft. off from each other. On the average, aqueducts were about fourteen feet deep and they were completely lined with stone. The aqueducts were either single route or they branched off into many branches that supplied different areas with water. There was also a form of manhole covers that allowed the workers to access the aqueduct more easily if work needed to be done.

    Siphon Principle - Hero, a Greek who lived after 150 B.C. was the first hydraulic engineer. He modernized the obtaining of water through a method known as the siphon principle. The siphon principle allows the pipes that carry the water to follow the terrain of the land and the aqueduct and bridging techniques were no longer used as often. For example, such a device was used for the citadel at Pergamon. The pipes that connected to the citadel had approximately 300 pounds of pressure per square inch and the pipes were most likely made of metal in order to withstand the pressure.
    Priests chosen to pray to Apollo had to drink from a secret spring at Colophon before praying. This water was thought to shorten the lives of the priests. The spring has very deep meaning because it was supposed to have formed from the tears of a prophetess. She had wept over the destruction of Thebes, her native city. There is also a punishment in Hell that uses water. People that were unmarried or uninitiated during their lives had the same punishment. The task was to fetch water from either a well or a stream and fill a broken, leaky wine vase for eternity.

    The slaves who had the responsibility of cleaning and repairing all of the public utilities. The more progressive cities had drains under the street that carried both fresh water and sewage. At times these slaves were used to watch over the fountains so that no one did their laundry or bathed in it. They also had to make sure that money thrown into the fountain for luck was not stolen by anyone.

    Most of the public water-supply was used for public buildings, such as baths and street fountains. For example, in Alexandria, in Egypt, each house had a personal cistern for their own water for their own use. The slaves also had to clean these cisterns. These private owners of cisterns and users of water had to pay a water rate to the city. It is sort of like the first public utilities company.


    Biology
    Many important people contributed to Greek scientific thought and discoveries. Biology, a very vast and interesting topic, was studied by Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen. These men were among the main researchers of Greek biology who contributed many ideas, theories, and discoveries to science. Some of their discoveries were observations, descriptions, and classifications of the various forms of plants and animal life. Other discussions in biology were natural selection and zoology.

    All living things were the basic concern of biology. Greek biologists were interested in how living things began, how they developed, how they functioned, and where they were found. These sorts of questions that ran through the biologists' minds are exactly how they began to discover the basics of life. At such an early time, about 300 B.C., science was just beginning to enter the minds of the Greeks. Aristotle, a Greek biologist, made contributions of his own to science. However, around 300 B.C. there was much more to be discovered, which enabled other scientists to add knowledge to the discoveries of Aristotle, during and after his time.

    Natural Selection is the manner in which species evolve to fit their environment - "survival of the fittest." Those individuals best suited to the local environment leave the most offspring, transmitting their genes in the process. This natural selection results in adaptation, the accumulation of the genetic variations that are favored by the environment.

    Many Greek scientists thought about natural selection and the origin of life. Anaximander believed that marine life was the first life on Earth and that changes happened to animals when they moved to dry land. Empedocles had the idea of chance combinations of organs arising and dying out because of their lack of adaptation. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher who contributed many works in the sciences, believed that there is purpose in the workings of nature, and mistakes are also made. He thought that nature working so perfectly is a necessity.

    Aristotle believed that nature is everything in the environment, like the sky rains, and the plants grow from the sun. Aristotle's theory fits very well with natural selection.

    Natural selection makes it necessary for animals and nature fit perfectly - 'survival of the fittest'. If they didn't, then that specific organism would die out, weeding out the characteristics that were unfit for that environment.

    That same organism's species might evolve over time and acquire adaptations suitable for the environment, so that newly evolved species can survive and flourish with offspring.

    Lucretius, who lived about 50 AD in Rome, believed that evolution was based on chance combinations; heredity and sexual reproduction entered only after earth itself had developed. Then with the organism developing characteristics that might make for survival in the environment, the organisms that don't have favorable characteristics are incapable of survival and disappear. These ideas from Greek scientists are all theories, of course, but the fossil evidence suggests that species evolved over time.


    Zoology
    Zoology is the study of animals, involves studying the different species of animals, the environment in which they live, and their organs. Aristotle was very persistent with his studies of the zoological sciences and made many contributions to how we study zoology today. He made observations on the anatomy of octopi, cuttlefish, crustaceans, and many other marine invertebrates that were remarkably accurate. These discoveries on the anatomy could have only been made by dissecting the animals. Through dissection, Greek zoologists studied the structures and functions of anatomies of various animals. Some structures that were studied were bones and membranes. However, to discover and learn about the diversity of animals, Greek zoologists had to narrow their areas of study by attempting to classify the organisms. Surprised [img][/img]
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    Post by Choboplanet Wed Jun 17, 2009 1:07 pm

    Roman Greece is the period of Greek history (of Greece proper; as opposed to the other centers of Hellenism in the Roman world) following the Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC until the reestablishment of the city of Byzantium and the naming of the city by the Emperor Constantine as the capital of the Roman Empire (as Nova Roma, later Constantinople) in 330 AD. Greece was the key eastern province of the Roman Empire, as the Roman culture had long been in fact Greco-Roman. The Greek language served as a lingua franca in the East and in Italy, and many Greek intellectuals such as Galen would perform most of their work in Rome.
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    Post by elise__23 Wed Jun 17, 2009 1:38 pm

    Science in Ancient Greece! - Page 2 Ruwiyo

    this is mine!
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    Post by aqua144 Wed Jun 17, 2009 4:27 pm

    Science in Ancient Greece! - Page 2 Sc12


    Last edited by aqua144 on Thu Jun 18, 2009 4:45 pm; edited 1 time in total
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    Post by Glugapie Thu Jun 18, 2009 3:12 am

    The Greeks were very interested in science as a way of organizing the world and making order out of chaos, and having power over some very powerful things like oceans and weather. From about 600 BC, a lot of Greek men spent time observing the planets and the sun and trying to figure out how astronomy worked. They must have gotten their first lessons from the Babylonians, who were very good at astronomy and also very interested in it.
    By the 400's BC, Pythagoras was interested in finding the patterns and rules in mathematics and music, and invented the idea of a mathematical proof. Although Greek women usually were not allowed to study science, Pythagoras did have some women among his students. Socrates, a little bit later, developed logical methods for deciding whether something was true or not.


    In the 300's BC, Aristotle and other philosophers at the Lyceum and the Academy in Athens worked on observing plants and animals, and organizing the different kinds of plants and animals into types. Again, this is a way of creating order out of chaos.

    After Aristotle, using his ideas and also ideas from Egypt and the Persians and Indians, Hippocrates and other Greek doctors wrote important medical texts that were used for hundreds of years.
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    Post by Glugapie Thu Jun 18, 2009 3:19 am

    The Greeks invented athletic contests and held them in honour of their gods. The Isthmos game were staged every two years at the Isthmos of Corinth. The Pythian games took place every four years near Delphi. The most famous games held at Olympia, South- West of Greece, which took place every four years. The ancient Olympics seem to have begun in the early 700 BC, in honour of Zeus. No women were allowed to watch the games and only Greek nationals could participate. One of the ancient wonders was a statue of Zeus at Olympia, made of gold and ivory by a Greek sculptor Pheidias. This was placed inside a Temple, although it was a towering 42 feet high.
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    Post by Glugapie Thu Jun 18, 2009 3:23 am

    Athens is the symbol of freedom, art, and democracy in the conscience of the civilized world. The capital of Greece took its name from the goddess Athena, the goddess of wisdom and knowledge.
    In Athens memory never fades. Wherever you stand, wherever you turn, the city's long and rich history will be alive in front of you. This is where that marvel of architecture, the Parthenon, was created. This is where art became inseparable from life, and this is where Pericles gave the funerary speech, that monument of the spoken word. In the centre of town are two hills, the Acropolis with the monuments from the Age of Pericles, and Lycabettus with the picturesque chapel of Ai Giorgis.
    Ancient ruins provide a vivid testimony to the glory of Athens, hailed by many people as the cradle of western civilization
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    Post by Rashood Thu Jun 18, 2009 9:52 am

    For several hundred million years after the Big Bang, there were no planets, only stars. Planets couldn't form until the first stars ran out of fuel and exploded into supernovas, about 14 billion years ago. The supernovas spewed out thousands of tons of carbon, oxygen, iron and other elements into space. Planets are made out of the recycled atoms of old stars.

    New stars formed wherever these atoms in space got a little thicker, and gravity began to pull them together. When the clouds of atoms got heavy and hot enough at their centers, that set off nuclear fusion and made a new star. But around the outside of these stars, you still had the thinner edges of the clouds floating around. The gravity of the star in the middle, through centrifugal force, pulled these thin clouds into orbit around the star.

    Little by little, the whirling clouds around the star got thicker in some places and thinner in others. Where they were thicker, more atoms stuck together. The heaviest atoms, iron, ended up making the centers of planets, while the lighter atoms, like hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and helium, ended up on the surface. Because gravity pulled evenly in all directions, the planets were generally shaped like spheres. The first planets may have formed around 14 billion years ago, but not all planets formed then. The planets that go around our Sun, including Earth, probably formed only around 4.5 billion years ago, and new planets are still forming today around other stars.

    Some planets formed closer to their star, and others formed further away. A planet that was close to a star was hotter, of course, but also usually smaller and harder, made mostly of iron, like our planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Planets that formed farther away from their star were colder, larger, and softer, made mostly of hydrogen, like our planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. We call these "gas giants". There are planets around many other stars besides the Sun, and like our planets some of them have water on them, and organic molecules like methane, but we don't know yet whether there is anything alive on them
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    Post by Rashood Thu Jun 18, 2009 9:55 am

    The earliest stars probably formed only a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang that started the universe - maybe about 13.5 billion years ago. Stars are the oldest big objects in the Universe.

    Stars formed big clumps of hydrogen and a few helium atoms, the simplest kinds of atoms, and pretty much the only kinds that existed before there were stars. Once enough hydrogen and helium atoms clumped together, though, they began to have tremendous gravity.

    This gravity pulled the hydrogen atoms closer and closer together in the middle of the star. All those electrons in one place made the star hotter and hotter - about 100 million degrees celsius. As the atoms got closer together, they bumped into each other more often. When this happened, sometimes the two atoms would join together into one atom, and two hydrogen atoms would turn into one helium atom. We call this process "nuclear fusion". Nuclear fusion releases a lot of extra electrons, and these electrons go shooting off into space in all directions. It's those zillions of electrons that you see, that make the stars shine - and that's what makes our Sun shine, too. The electrons give off all wavelengths of energy, so they give off not only light, but also heat.

    When a star runs out of hydrogen atoms, the helium atoms begin to join up and make carbon atoms. When the star runs out of helium atoms, the carbon atoms begin to join up and make oxygen, and so on until the heaviest element stars can make, which is iron. It takes a lot of energy to make these heavier atoms, so it can only happen inside stars, which make a lot of energy. The gravity of stars also pulled them together into groups, so that they formed into galaxies.

    Today there are about 1022 to 1024 stars in the universe (click here to find out what 1022 means). New stars are still being born every day (and old ones die). But even that many stars don't do much to fill up the Universe - most of the Universe is still just empty space.

    Most stars spin around on their axis, just like the Earth does - like a top. This is because the nebula the star was made of also rotated. And most stars also orbit through space in a large circle around the center of their galaxy, taking millions of years to go around even once.

    In the daytime, you can't see the stars from the Earth. They're still there, but when the Sun is on your side of the Earth, it sends us so much light that it drowns out the little lights of the stars.
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    Post by Rashood Thu Jun 18, 2009 10:02 am

    Most of the universe is just emptiness - there is nothing there at all. It's dark. That's space. But within the space there is a small amount of stuff. Most of the small amount of stuff in the universe is loose electrons. When the universe first got started, just after the Big Bang, about 14 billion years ago, there was this energy floating around space, loose. This energy is made of electrons and protons and neutrons, which are just tiny bits of energy, so small you can't see them, even with a powerful microscope. Sometimes these electrons and protons would bump into each other. Once in a while, when the electrons bumped into each other, they would stick together, so you would get little clumps of electrons.

    When electrons got close to each other, they behaved a little differently from when they were all alone. After a while, the protons and neutrons began to together in the middle, and the electrons orbited around the outside of a clump. These more organized clumps are atoms. The first atoms were simple hydrogen atoms.

    Little by little, some of these atoms began to clump together, accidentally, into bigger clumps. These clumps had gravity, and so other atoms were attracted to them, and stuck to them. The clumps got bigger. Soon they formed huge balls of atoms which turned into stars, and eventually those stars created more complicated atoms and molecules, which spun off into planets. The earliest stars are probably not much younger than the universe itself.

    But even when there were stars and planets, they took up only a very small part of the universe. Most of the universe is still empty space, with nothing in it at all.
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    Post by Rashood Thu Jun 18, 2009 10:08 am

    Everything in the universe is made of atoms, and atoms are made of electricity. Atoms are made of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons (NOO-trons) are packed tightly together in the middle of the atom, and we call them the nucleus (NOO-klee-uss) of the atom. Around the nucleus there are electrons, orbiting around and around the nucleus kind of the way that the earth goes around the sun. There's empty space between the electrons, so an atom is mainly empty space.

    Protons and electrons have electrical charges. Protons have a positive charge, and electrons have a negative charge (neutrons don't have any charge). Because electrons and protons have opposite charges, the electrons and protons tend to move toward from each other, just the way the positive end of one magnet will tend to move toward the positive end of another magnet. But because the electrons have a lot of forward momentum, the electrons don't just crash into the nucleus. The electrons have to keep moving forward, and the combination of moving forward and moving towards the middle keeps the electrons going around and around the nucleus of the atom. Sometimes an electron does escape from its atom and runs off to join another atom. That's a little tiny bit of electricity. Electricity is electrons that have gotten loose from their atom.

    Some kinds of atoms lose their electrons more easily than others. It depends on whether the outer shell of electrons is full or not. For example, copper atoms have only one electron in the outer shell. That's very unstable, and it's easy for copper atoms to lose that electron. We call these kinds of unstable atoms metals.

    Electricity is all throughout space, because of the loose electrons in space. There are electrons inside stars, and on all planets. Lightning is just one form of natural electricity. When life first got started on Earth, electricity probably had something to do with it. And inside your body, your thoughts are really little spurts of electricity that travel along your nerves and between cells in your brain. When a person has a seizure, that is when too much natural electricity gets loose in their brain.

    In the last two hundred years, people have learned to use electricity for their own purposes, to run machines. When we want to move electricity around (like through a cord to your computer), we make a long wire of copper atoms, because electrons move easily from one copper atom to another. When we want to keep electricity from moving (like out of the cord and onto your hand, where it would give you a shock), we make a wrapper out of rubber or plastic, because electrons don't move easily through those materials. We use electricity to heat our houses, light up dark rooms, cook food, run washing machines, and listen to music. Some people use electricity to run their car!
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    Post by Rashood Thu Jun 18, 2009 10:13 am

    A cell is the smallest living thing (unless you count viruses), and all bigger living things are made of cells. Both plants and animals are made of cells.

    We don't know yet whether there are cells on any other planet besides Earth. On Earth, the first cells got started about 3.5 billion years ago, about 2.5 billion years after the Earth first formed.

    These early cells were pretty simple - a molecule with a wrapper around it to keep it safe. Many scientists think that life on Earth first began about four billion years ago when amino acids developed into RNA, a larger molecule made out of amino acids that has the ability to reproduce itself, and also to make proteins. RNA was very unstable though - it often broke apart or changed the order of its atoms. After a while, some RNA evolved into DNA, which was a more stable, though more complicated, version of the same idea.

    Some time during this process, the RNA or DNA also began to move inside a lipid membrane: chains of lipid molecules clinging together in the shape of a bubble, where the RNA or DNA could be more protected and would be less likely to break apart. We don't understand how this happened yet. But once the RNA or DNA was inside the lipid membrane, that would be the earliest living cell.

    From there, cells continued to evolve and became more and more complicated. By around three billion years ago, the world was full of prokaryotic cells. These simple cells had DNA, RNA and proteins inside them, and they could take in food and push out their garbage. They could move themselves around, and they could reproduce. By three billion years ago, some of these prokaryotes could photosynthesize, or make food out of sunlight.

    Most cells on earth are still prokaryotes. But about two billion years ago, a few prokaryotes evolved into a more complicated kind of cell called a eukaryote. Most likely eukaryotes started out as prokaryotes that began to have other prokaryotes living inside their cell membrane, which cooperated with each other so they could get more done and be safer. These became mitochondria and chloroplasts. Eukaryotes also developed other specialized parts of the cell. Some parts worked to digest food, while other parts got rid of garbage, or moved the cell around, or helped the cell reproduce.

    Most eukaryotes are still one-celled creatures. But by about 600 million years ago (less than a billion years ago), a few eukaryotes had evolved into creatures with more than one cell. THis probably happened more than once, so that there are several unrelated groups of multi-celled creatures. One group is animals: the earliest multi-celled animals were like hydras. Other eukaryotes evolved into plants and some other groups like mushrooms. But still today the vast majority of living things on earth have only one cell.
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    Post by Video Thu Jun 18, 2009 1:30 pm

    Science in Ancient Greece! - Page 2 2iiizyg
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    Post by Rashood Fri Jun 19, 2009 3:54 am

    Because the Greeks had only very clumsy ways of writing down numbers, they didn't like algebra. They found it very hard to write down equations or number problems. Instead, Greek mathematicians were more focused on geometry, and used geometric methods to solve problems that you might use algebra for.
    Greek mathematicians were also very interested in proving that certain mathematical ideas were true. So they spent a lot of time using geometry to prove that things were always true, even though people like the Egyptians and Babylonians already knew that they were true most of the time anyway.
    The Greeks in general were very interested in rationality, in things making sense and hanging together. They wanted to tie up the loose ends. They liked music, because music followed strict rules to produce beauty. So did architecture, and so did mathematics.
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    Post by mimo77707 Sat Jun 20, 2009 1:09 pm

    The Greeks did invention things, but they were better at thinking up new ideas. They developed geometry and studied astronomy, geography, and mechanics. These studies formed the basis of much of the science that followed. Their philosophers developed speculative philosophy which is the foundation of much of our speculation and a good portion of our Mathematics. Their art and architecture were very influential and set styles that are still popular and highly copied today. Museums around the world have much material from ancient Greece which is often the most valuable part of their collection. Here is a list of ancient Greek scientists:
    • Alcmaeon of Croton
    • Anaxagorus of Clazomenae
    • Anaximander of Miletus
    • Apollnius of Perga
    • Archimedes of Syracuse
    • Archytas of Tarentum
    • Aristarchus of Samos
    • Aristotle
    • Callipus of Cyzicus
    • Chalcidius
    • Ctesibius of Alexandria


    farao Very Happy
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    Post by Jedilachlan Sat Jun 20, 2009 6:23 pm

    Hello Guyz and Galz,

    I found some facts, and put them in my own words, my facts are below:

    Earth Science
    Earth science is the study of the earth and its origin and development. It deals with the physical makeup and structure of the Earth. The most extensive fields of Earth science, geology, has an ancient history.

    Ancient Greek philosophers proposed many theories to account for the from and origin of the Earth. Eratosthenes, a scientist of ancient Greece, made the first accurate measurement of the Earth's diameter. The ancient Greek philosophers were amazed by volcanoes and earthquakes. They made many attempts to explain them, but most of these attempts to explain these phenomena sound very strange to most people today. For example, Aristotle, speculated that earthquakes resulted from winds within the Earth caused by the Earth's own heat and heat from the sun. Volcanoes, he thought, marked the points at which these winds finally escaped from inside the Earth into the atmosphere.

    Earth science allows us to locate metal and mineral deposits. Earth scientists study fossils. This helps provide information about evolution and the development of the earth. Earth science helps in locating fossil fuels, such as oil. These fuels compose a major part of the world economy. The Greeks came up with the idea of earth science, and most importantly laid the foundation for the scientists who lived hundreds of years after their time.

    I hope you enjoyed my facts and learned something

    If I win the contest, and I can choose the colour of the V-flag, may I have it pink?

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    Post by Rashood Sun Jun 21, 2009 11:05 am

    Pythagoras lived in the 500's BC, and was one of the first Greek mathematical thinkers. He spent most of his life in the Greek colonies in Sicily and southern Italy. He had a group of followers (like the disciples of Jesus) who followed him around and taught other people what he had taught them. The Pythagoreans were known for their pure lives (they didn't eat beans, for example, because they thought beans were not pure enough). They wore their hair long, and wore only simple clothing, and went barefoot. Both men and women were Pythagoreans.
    Pythagoreans were interested in philosophy, but especially in music and mathematics, two ways of making order out of chaos. Music is noise that makes sense, and mathematics is rules for how the world works.
    Pythagoras himself is best known for proving that the Pythagorean Theorem was true. The Sumerians, two thousand years earlier, already knew that it was generally true, and they used it in their measurements, but Pythagoras is said to have proved that it would always be true. We don't really know whether it was Pythagoras that proved it, because there's no evidence for it until the time of Euclid, but that's the tradition. Some people think that the proof must have been written around the time of Euclid, instead.
    Here is the proof:
    The Pythagorean Theorem says that in a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the two right-angle sides will always be the same as the square of the hypotenuse (the long side). A2 + B2 = C2. Try it yourself: if Side A is 4 inches long, and Side B is 3 inches long, then 4x4=16, and 3x3=9, and 9+16=25, and so Side C will be 5 inches long. Try it with other size triangles and see if this is still true (you can use a calculator, or your computer, to figure out the square roots).
    But how can you know that this is always true, every single time, no matter what size the triangle is?
    Take a straight line and divide it into two pieces, and call one piece a and the other piece b, like this:
    Now make a square with this line on each side, like this:
    and draw in the lines where A meets B on each side to make four smaller shapes. So now you have one square with area AxA (the big yellow one) and one square with area BxB (the little green one) and two rectangles with area AxB (the light blue ones). So the area of the whole square is (A+B) x (A+B) or the area is (AxA) + 2(AxB) + (BxB).
    Or you might say that
    (A+B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2

    Now draw diagonal lines across the blue rectangles, making four smaller blue triangles. Call those lines C. Do you see that you have made four blue right triangles, whose sides are A, B, and C?
    Now imagine that you take these triangles and rearrange them (or if you print it out you can cut them up with scissors and really rearrange them) around the edges of the square like this:
    The little triangles take up part of the square. The area of all four triangles together is the same as the two blue rectangles you made them from, so that is 2AB.
    The area of the pink square in the middle is CxC or C2.
    And the area of the whole big square is, as we have already seen,
    A2 + 2AB + B2
    So A2 + 2AB + B2 = 2AB + C2
    We can subtract 2AB from both sides, so
    that gives (ta da!)

    A2 + B2 = C2

    Here's an animated short video showing another way to prove the Pythagorean
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    Post by Rashood Sun Jun 21, 2009 11:07 am

    Greek baby, from
    Hellenistic Egypt
    Greek babies often wore nothing at all, but sometimes, as in this picture, they wore cloth diapers. If it was cold, of course, they would be more wrapped up. Children also often wore only cloth wrapped around their middles like shorts.
    Greek men mostly wore a tunic, a sort of knee-length t-shirt made of wool or linen. Often, as in this statuette, they wore it only over one shoulder. Over the tunic they wore a wool cloak if it was cold out, which they could also use as a blanket if they needed to (for instance if they were off somewhere fighting a war). Their legs were bare, and they wore leather sandals when they weren't barefoot. But many men went barefoot their whole lives.
    spinning

    Greek women wore one large piece of wool or linen, wrapped around them and pinned in various ways to make it stay. The ways of pinning it changed over time. One way was to fold the cloth in half, and put it so that the fold in the cloth came under your right armpit and down your right side. Then pull up on the front and the back of the cloth so they meet over your right shoulder and pin the front and the back together with a big safety pin. Then pull more of the front up over your left shoulder, and pin it to the back in the same way. Finally you will notice that your dress is still open all along your left side: tie a belt around your dress at the waist to keep your dress closed. These dresses always came down to their ankles.

    When it was cold, women also had long wool cloaks/blankets to keep them warm.

    More instructions for Greek costumes for children? Click here (also how to cook Greek food, suggestions for activities).
    To find out more about Greek clothing, check out these books from Amazon.com or your local library:

    Greek and Roman Fashions, by Tom Tierney (2001). Coloring book for kids.

    Ancient Greek Costumes Paper Dolls, by Tom Tierney (1999). For middle schoolers. "An invaluable aid to designing an historically accurate costume for my 6th grader's 'Greek Festival'", says a reviewer on Amazon [View map] .

    Costumes of the Greeks and Romans, by Thomas Hope (19th century, reprinted 1986). More advanced illustrations, for teachers and professional costumers.

    Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years : Women, Cloth, and Society in Early Times, by Elizabeth Wayland Barber (1995). Not for kids, but an interested high schooler could read it. Fascinating ideas about the way people made cloth in ancient times, and why it was that way.
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    Post by Rashood Sun Jun 21, 2009 11:10 am

    Modern sheep
    The most interesting thing about wool is that sheep didn't always have wool, or not enough to notice. When people first started hunting sheep, they hunted them for their meat.
    Deer
    Deer

    Sheep hair was more like deer hair is today, short and thick, not long and fine and curly. Like goat hair.

    Then around 10,000 BC people in West Asia began to domesticate sheep (tame them) and take care of them, so there would always be plenty of meat around. At this point they began to use the milk from the sheep also, either drinking it fresh or making it into cheese. When they had killed a sheep, of course they would also make the skin into leather, and maybe leave the hair on to make it warmer, like a fur coat. But still there was no wool as we know it today.
    brueghel shearing sheep
    Man shearing a sheep, about 1550 AD (Brueghel)

    Sometime not too much later people also began to make clothes, instead of just wearing furs. Since they had sheepskins around, one of the fibers they used was sheep hair. They noticed that although none of the sheep hair was really any good for spinning, because it was too thick and brittle, some of the hair from the stomach, the underside of the sheep, was better than the rest. And people began breeding the sheep that had the most good hair together, trying to get some hair you could spin. It took thousands of years, many many generations of sheep, but by about 5000 BC, people could begin to spin wool.

    Wool has a lot of advantages over the vegetable fibers. It is easier to prepare it for spinning: you just cut it off the sheep and comb it out. It is easier to spin than cotton or flax, and quicker. It is warmer (that's why sweaters are made of wool, and sometimes socks, and blankets) (though this is also a disadvantage in very warm climates like Egypt). The lanolin on the wool makes it shed water, so it is a good fiber to wear if you will be out in the rain (as shepherds often are). And it can be dyed more easily than flax, so you can have clothes in pretty colors and patterns.
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    Post by Rashood Sun Jun 21, 2009 11:14 am

    What does B.C. mean?

    It stands for Before Christ, and it means the number of years before the birth of Jesus Christ. That was 2000 years ago, so the date 552 B.C. means 2552 years ago.

    Some people use B.C.E. instead. That stands for Before the Common Era, and is used in order to avoid Christian references. History for Kids feels that since this is a Christian dating system, it's a little silly to try to hide that.

    Why don't we just say 2552 years ago, if that's what we mean? Why would that be inconvenient? (scroll down for the answer).

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